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The Makassar Uprising (April 5–April 21, 1950) was a skirmish in Makassar between former Royal Dutch East Indies Army soldiers under Captain Abdul Aziz and the RUSI army . This short-lived conflict reflected the growing tensions between the unitary Javanese-dominated Republicans and the pro-federal Outer Islands. Makassar was a major port city in southern Sulawesi then part of the State of East Indonesia, the largest federal state within the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. The East Indonesian government refused to condone Assiz’s actions and he was subsequently arrested in Jakarta on April 14 while attempting to negotiate with the Republic authorities. The Makassar Uprising only facilitated Republican control over the federal states and accelerated the dissolution of the RUSI on August 15, 1950. ==Background== Following the end of World War II in August 1945, the Dutch sought to re-establish control over the East Indies, modern-day Indonesia. While Australian and Dutch troops managed to occupy much of eastern Indonesia with minimal resistance,〔Kahin (1952), p. 355〕 Anglo-Dutch forces in Java and Sumatra were challenged by nascent Republican nationalists advocating self-rule under Sukarno.〔Vickers (1952), p. 97〕 The Republican goal of a unitary Republic of Indonesia centered on Java clashed with Dutch decolonization efforts to implement a system of federal states which was part of a Dutch commonwealth. Negotiations between both sides were dogged by skirmishes and police actions.〔Kahin (1952), p. 446-52〕 In Sulawesi, resistance to Dutch rule was successfully suppressed by Captain Raymond Westerling, who drew controversy for his use of arbitrary terror tactics including rounding up villages and summarily executing members until they submitted information.〔Kahin (1952), p. 356〕 However, the eradication of Republican forces paved the way for the establishment of a more amenable East Indonesian civil administration based in Makassar.〔Westerling (1952), p. 210〕 In South Sulawesi, they also replaced more than a quarter of the pro-Republican local nobility including the Rajahs of Bone and Lawu, prompting the remaining rajahs to collaborate with the Dutch authorities.〔 In December 1948, the Dutch launched a second police action Operatie Kraai which succeeded in capturing much of Java and Sumatra as well as the Republican leadership in Yogyakarta. However, this action only fuelled opposition to the Dutch in the United Nations, the United States, Australia and India. The United States threatened to suspend Marshall plan aid to the Dutch including funds vital for Dutch post-World War II rebuilding that had so far totalled $US 1 billion.〔Friend (2003), page 37〕 The Netherlands Government had spent an amount equivalent to almost half of this funding their campaigns in Indonesia.〔Friend (2003), page 38〕 On 24 December, the UN Security Council called for the end of hostilities. In January 1949, it passed a resolution demanding the reinstatement of the Republican government. International pressure forced the Dutch to continue negotiations with the Republicans, culminating in the Dutch agreeing to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new federal state known as the United States of Indonesia (RUSI). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea; sovereignty over which it was agreed would be retained by the Netherlands until further negotiations with Indonesia. Sovereignty was transferred on December 27, 1949. The new RUSI government consisted of both Republicans and Federalists but was short-lived due to animosity between the two parties and growing popular support for a unitary state.〔Kahin (1952), p. 448-48〕 On January 23, 1950, Westerling and the federalist Cabinet member Sultan Hamid II attempted to overthrow the Republican government by using Westerling’s private Legion of Ratu Adil to launch simultaneous attacks on Bandung, Jakarta and Blora in the short-lived APRA Coup d'état. The coup failed since the majority of the KNIL leadership refused to support Westerling’s actions and intercepted his munitions convoy.〔Westerling(1952), p. 191-92〕 This only added fuel to public dissatisfaction with the Dutch federal system, leading to the integration of the states of Pasundan and West Kalimantan into the Republic of Indonesia by April 1950.〔Kahin (1952), p. 456〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Makassar Uprising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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